![]() ![]() panel A is the sight picture for an aircraft on a standard glide path to a down-sloping runway, panel B for an aircraft on a standard glide path to a level runway and panel C for an aircraft on a standard glide path to an up-sloping runway or.panel B represents the sight picture for a normal approach to the runway, panel A shows the sight picture for an aircraft below optimum flight path and panel C the sight picture of an aircraft higher than the optimum flight path or. ![]() Which of the following statements would you suggest best describes the illustrations? Consider the runway light illustrations below: The result was that without the aid of altimeter or glide slope information, most pilots flew excessively low approaches and crashed into terrain short of the runway.Īnother significant night visual approach risk stems from the way we interpret visual cues. Using a flight simulator, experienced Boeing instructor pilots (with more than 10,000 hours each) conducted entirely visual approaches to runways in black hole conditions. The most extensive study was conducted by Boeing researchers after a series of airline black hole accidents in the 1960’s. Perception scientists disagree as to the exact cause of this illusion and it is likely that no single theory fully explains the phenomenon as there are many factors involved. The black hole illusion, sometimes called the featureless terrain illusion, fools pilots into thinking they are higher than they actually are, causing them to fly dangerously low approaches. Black hole conditions exist on dark nights (usually with no moon or starlight), when there are no ground lights between your aircraft and the runway threshold. In fact, numerous CFIT accidents have occurred during visual approaches during hours of darkness.Ī visual illusion known as "black hole effect" is another inherent risk of night visual approaches. Without due care, this factor greatly increases the potential of a CFIT accident. As a consequence, unless there is exceptional illumination such as a full moon on new snow, natural obstacles will be largely invisible to the pilot during a night visual approach. Whilst man-made obstacles in the vicinity of an airport such as buildings or towers are normally lit during the hours of darkness, natural obstacles such as hills or trees are not. The specific focus of this article is on the risks and illusions associated with visual approaches at night. Availability of visual approach slope indicator system ( VASIS) or precision approach path indicator ( PAPI).".Type of approach light system (ALS) and,.Specific airport and runway hazards (obstructions, etc.) and,.Crew experience with airport and airport environment:."Accepting an air traffic control (ATC) clearance for a visual approach or requesting a visual approach should be balanced carefully against the following: The Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) Approach-and-landing Accident Reduction (ALAR) Briefing Note 7.4 makes the following recommendation: Careful consideration should be given to all pertinent factors before flying a visual approach in preference to an instrument procedure, especially at an unfamiliar airport. DescriptionĪlthough a visual approach is the first type of approach taught to student pilots, it has its own inherent risks and liabilities. A visual approach flown during hours of darkness.
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